Statement and Conclusions is a type of logical reasoning question where you are given a statement (or a passage) followed by a set of conclusions. Your task is to determine which of the conclusions logically and definitively follow from the information provided in the statement. You must not use any external knowledge and should treat the given statement as the only source of truth.
Question 1:
Statement: In a one-day cricket match, the total runs made by a team were 200. Out of these 160 runs were made by spinners.
Conclusions: I. 80% of the team consists of spinners. II. The opening batsmen were spinners.
Answer: D) Neither follows
I. The statement gives data about runs, not the composition of the team. We cannot conclude that 80% of the players are spinners. So, I does not follow.
II. The statement gives no information about which player scored when. So, II does not follow.
Question 2:
Statement: The quality of mercy is not strained. It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven.
Conclusions: I. Mercy is a divine quality. II. Mercy cannot be forced.
Answer: C) Both follow
I. The phrase "rain from heaven" metaphorically suggests a divine or natural origin. So, I follows.
II. "Not strained" means not forced or constrained. This directly implies it cannot be forced. So, II follows.
Question 3:
Statement: All successful people are hardworking. All hardworking people are honest.
Conclusions: I. All successful people are honest. II. Some honest people are successful.
Answer: C) Both follow
I. A direct logical chain is formed. If someone is successful, they are hardworking, and therefore honest. So, I follows.
II. Since all successful people are a part of the group of honest people, it means at least 'some' honest people are successful. So, II follows.
Question 4:
Statement: Regular reading of newspapers enhances one's general knowledge.
Conclusions: I. Newspapers contain information related to general knowledge. II. People who do not read newspapers have poor general knowledge.
Answer: A) Only I follows
I. For newspapers to enhance GK, they must contain GK-related information. Follows.
II. The statement says reading newspapers is *one way* to enhance GK, not the *only* way. People could learn from other sources. Does not follow.
Question 5:
Statement: The best evidence of India's glorious past is the growing popularity of Ayurvedic medicines in the West.
Conclusions: I. Ayurvedic medicines are not popular in India. II. Allopathic medicines are more popular in India.
Answer: D) Neither follows
The statement is only about the popularity of Ayurveda in the West. It provides no information to compare its popularity in India or to compare it with Allopathy. Both conclusions are outside the scope of the statement.
Question 6:
Statement: The Indian cricket team is expected to win the match against Australia as the match is being played in India.
Conclusions: I. The Indian team is unbeatable at home. II. The Indian team gets the advantage of the home ground.
Answer: Only II follows
I. "Unbeatable" is an extreme word. The statement only says they are "expected to win," which implies a high chance, not a certainty. Does not follow.
II. The reason given for the expectation of winning is that the match is in India. This directly means the home ground provides an advantage. Follows.
Question 7:
Statement: Company X has been certified with ISO 9001, which is a mark of quality.
Conclusions: I. Company X produces high-quality products. II. ISO 9001 is the only mark of quality.
Answer: Only I follows
I. If the company has a mark of quality, it can be logically concluded that it produces quality products. Follows.
II. The statement says ISO 9001 is "a" mark of quality, not the "only" mark of quality. There could be others. Does not follow.
Question 8:
Statement: The government has banned all plastic bags below 50 microns to reduce pollution.
Conclusions: I. Plastic bags below 50 microns are a major source of pollution. II. This ban will completely eliminate plastic pollution.
Answer: Only I follows
I. The government takes action to target the source of a problem. Banning these specific bags implies they are considered a significant source of pollution. Follows.
II. "Completely eliminate" is too strong. This ban addresses one type of plastic; other types of plastic pollution may still exist. Does not follow.
Question 9:
Statement: To maintain good health, one must have a balanced diet.
Conclusions: I. A balanced diet is sufficient for good health. II. People who do not have a balanced diet are unhealthy.
Answer: Only II follows
I. The statement says a balanced diet is *necessary* ("must have"), but not that it is *sufficient*. Other things like exercise might also be needed. Does not follow.
II. If having a balanced diet is a necessity for good health, then it logically follows that not having one will lead to being unhealthy. Follows.
Question 10:
Statement: All students who passed the exam attended the special classes.
Conclusions: I. The special classes were effective. II. Only those who attended special classes passed the exam.
Answer: Only I follows
I. Since every student who passed had attended the classes, it's a strong indication that the classes were effective in helping them pass. Follows.
II. This is the converse of the statement, which is not necessarily true. It's possible that some students attended the classes but still failed. The statement says "All who passed, attended", not "All who attended, passed". Does not follow.
Question 11:
Statement: A recent study shows that children who play a musical instrument have better cognitive skills than those who do not.
Conclusions: I. Playing a musical instrument is the only way to improve cognitive skills. II. Playing a musical instrument helps in the development of cognitive skills.
Answer: Only II follows
I. The word "only" makes this too extreme. The study shows a correlation, not an exclusive cause. Does not follow.
II. The study showing that players have "better" skills directly implies that the activity is beneficial and helps in their development. Follows.
Question 12:
Statement: The condition of the national highways is deteriorating in several states due to the lack of proper maintenance.
Conclusions: I. The government is not providing enough funds for the maintenance of national highways. II. Proper maintenance can improve the condition of national highways.
Answer: Only II follows
I. Lack of funds is a *possible reason* for the lack of maintenance, but not a definite conclusion. Other reasons could be corruption or inefficiency. Does not follow.
II. The statement says deterioration is "due to the lack of proper maintenance". This directly implies that if proper maintenance were done, the condition would improve. Follows.
Question 13:
Statement: Although he is a brilliant student, he has failed to secure a good job.
Conclusions: I. Brilliant students usually get good jobs. II. Being brilliant is not the only criterion for getting a good job.
Answer: Both I and II follow
I. The word "Although" signifies a contrast to what is generally expected. The expectation is that brilliant students get good jobs. Follows.
II. The fact that a brilliant student failed to get a good job proves that academic brilliance alone is not sufficient. Other criteria must exist. Follows.
Question 14:
Statement: The availability of online courses has democratized education, allowing people to learn new skills.
Conclusions: I. Traditional universities are no longer relevant. II. Access to the internet is a key factor in skill development today.
Answer: Only II follows
I. The statement says online courses are an addition/expansion of opportunity. It doesn't imply the obsolescence of traditional institutions. Does not follow.
II. Since the positive change is attributed to "online courses", it logically follows that access to the platform (the internet) is a key component. Follows.
Question 15:
Statement: Most of the students who appeared for the final engineering examination have passed.
Conclusions: I. Some students have failed. II. The examination was very easy.
Answer: Only I follows
I. The word "Most" implies not "All". If most passed, it logically means some did not pass (i.e., failed). Follows.
II. The reason why most students passed is not stated. We cannot definitively conclude it was easy. Does not follow.
Question 16:
Statement: The new anti-pollution law has banned all vehicles older than 15 years in the city. However, the number of people suffering from respiratory diseases has not decreased.
Conclusions: I. The law has been completely ineffective. II. Vehicular pollution is not the only cause of respiratory diseases in the city.
Answer: Only II follows
I. "Completely ineffective" is too strong. The law might have reduced vehicular pollution, but other factors could have kept the disease rate the same. Does not follow.
II. Since banning a major pollution source did not decrease the diseases, it logically follows that there must be other significant causes. Follows.
Question 17:
Statement: A recent report states that a single banyan tree can support an entire ecosystem of birds, insects, and small animals.
Conclusions: I. Cutting down banyan trees will have a negative impact on the local ecosystem. II. Banyan trees are more important than all other types of trees.
Answer: Only I follows
I. If a banyan tree supports an ecosystem, its removal will logically have a negative impact. Follows.
II. The statement highlights the importance of the banyan tree but doesn't compare it to "all other types". Does not follow.
Question 18:
Statement: India's economic growth has been one of the highest in the world, but it has not led to a proportional increase in job creation.
Conclusions: I. The economic growth in India is not labor-intensive. II. India's economic growth is not real.
Answer: Only I follows
I. Growth in output without similar growth in jobs implies the growth is happening in sectors that do not require a large workforce, i.e., it is not labor-intensive. Follows.
II. The statement affirms that "economic growth has been one of the highest". To conclude it is "not real" directly contradicts the statement. Does not follow.
Question 19:
Statement: The prices of vegetables have soared in the market during the last few days.
Conclusions: I. Vegetables are becoming a rare commodity. II. People cannot eat vegetables.
Answer: D) Neither I nor II follows
I. "Soared" prices mean they are expensive, not necessarily "rare". Rarity is a possible cause but not a definite conclusion. Does not follow.
II. "Cannot eat" is too extreme. High prices might mean people eat less, but not that they are completely unable to eat them. Does not follow.
Question 20:
Statement: In a recent survey, a majority of people reported that they prefer Brand X soap over Brand Y soap.
Conclusions: I. Brand X soap is better in quality than Brand Y soap. II. Brand X soap is cheaper than Brand Y soap.
Answer: D) Neither I nor II follows
The statement is about preference, which is subjective. We cannot definitively conclude the reason for this preference. It could be quality (I), price (II), better marketing, or availability. Neither I nor II is a guaranteed conclusion.
Question 21:
Statement: The use of non-conventional sources of energy will eliminate the energy crisis in the world.
Conclusions: I. Modern technology is slowly replacing the conventional sources of energy. II. The conventional sources of energy are inexhaustible.
Answer: D) Neither I nor II follows
I. The statement is a suggestion for the future ("will eliminate"). It doesn't state that the replacement is already happening. Does not follow.
II. The very need to find alternatives to conventional sources implies that they are limited or exhaustible. This conclusion contradicts the tone of the statement. Does not follow.
Question 22:
Statement: The manager humiliated Sachin in the presence of his colleagues.
Conclusions: I. The manager did not like Sachin. II. Sachin was not popular with his colleagues.
Answer: Only I follows
I. Humiliating someone in public is a strong indicator of dislike or disapproval. This is a reasonable and direct inference from the action. Follows.
II. How Sachin's colleagues feel about him cannot be determined from the manager's action. They might sympathize with him. Does not follow.
Question 23:
Statement: According to a report, 90% of the city's lakes have been encroached upon.
Conclusions: I. The city's civic body is not vigilant enough. II. Encroachment is a serious problem in the city.
Answer: Only II follows
I. Lack of vigilance is a possible reason but not a definite conclusion. There could be legal loopholes or other issues. Does not follow.
II. The fact that 90% of a major civic feature (lakes) has been encroached upon directly leads to the conclusion that encroachment is a serious issue. Follows.
Question 24:
Statement: All the flowers in the garden are red. Most of the red flowers are roses.
Conclusions: I. All flowers in the garden are roses. II. Some flowers in the garden are not roses.
Answer: Only II follows
I. "Most" red flowers are roses, not "all". Since all flowers in the garden are red, it means most (but not all) flowers in the garden are roses. So, this conclusion is false.
II. If most flowers are roses, it logically implies that some flowers are not roses. Follows.
Question 25:
Statement: The Prime Minister emphasized that the government is committed to the welfare of the farmers.
Conclusions: I. The farmers in the country are in a bad state. II. The government has not done anything for the farmers in the past.
Answer: Only I follows
I. Emphasizing commitment to the "welfare" of a group usually happens when that group is facing problems or is in a poor state. This is a strong, logical inference. Follows.
II. The statement is about a present commitment. It does not provide any information to make a definite conclusion about the past. Does not follow.
Question 26 to 50: The remaining 25 questions are unique, standalone problems covering the full range of difficulty, including complex arguments, reports, and nuanced statements.
Question 26:
Statement: A recent study shows that married people are less prone to depression than unmarried people.
Conclusions: I. Marriage is a cause for lower rates of depression. II. Unmarried people are more likely to suffer from depression.
Answer: Only II follows
I. The study shows a correlation, not causation. It's possible that happier people are more likely to get married in the first place. This is not a definite conclusion.
II. This is a direct restatement of the finding. If married people are "less prone", then unmarried people are, by comparison, "more likely". Follows.
Question 27:
Statement: Any student who is caught cheating will be expelled from the university.
Conclusions: I. Some students will be caught cheating. II. A student who is not expelled was not caught cheating.
Answer: Only II follows
I. This is a possibility or prediction, not a logical conclusion from the rule itself. Does not follow.
II. This is the contrapositive of the statement. If (Caught Cheating -> Expelled), then (Not Expelled -> Not Caught Cheating). This is a logically equivalent and valid conclusion. Follows.
Question 28:
Statement: The new drug is a major breakthrough in the treatment of Alzheimer's, but it has severe side effects in about 10% of patients.
Conclusions: I. The drug should not be approved for public use. II. The benefits of the drug may outweigh its risks for some patients.
Answer: Only II follows
I. This is a course of action or a personal opinion. The statement provides facts but does not lead to a definite conclusion about approval. Does not follow.
II. The drug is called a "major breakthrough", implying significant benefits. The side effects, while severe, only affect 10%. This suggests that for the other 90%, the benefits are likely to be worth it. This is a balanced and logical conclusion. Follows.
Question 29:
Statement: The CEO said, "Our company's profit this quarter is the highest ever, mainly due to our expansion into the Asian market."
Conclusions: I. The company's performance in other markets has declined. II. The company's expansion into the Asian market has been successful.
Answer: Only II follows
I. The statement attributes the record profit *mainly* to the Asian market. This doesn't mean other markets declined; they could have performed normally or even grown slightly. Does not follow.
II. The CEO directly credits the record profit to the Asian market expansion. This is a clear indication of its success. Follows.
Question 30:
Statement: A recent film has been criticized by historians for its inaccurate portrayal of historical events.
Conclusions: I. The film is not a commercial success. II. Historical accuracy is important in films based on history.
Answer: Only II follows
I. Criticism from historians is about accuracy, not commercial viability. The film could still be a blockbuster. Does not follow.
II. The fact that historians are criticizing it implies that there is an expectation of accuracy in such films. The criticism is based on the premise that historical accuracy is a valued quality. Follows.
Question 31:
Statement: The company decided to terminate the services of Mr. X because his performance was consistently poor despite several warnings.
Conclusions: I. Consistent poor performance is a sufficient reason for termination in this company. II. Mr. X was given an opportunity to improve his performance.
Answer: Both I and II follow
I. The company took the action of termination *because* of poor performance. This shows they believe it is a valid reason. Follows.
II. The phrase "despite several warnings" directly indicates that opportunities were given for improvement. Follows.
Question 32:
Statement: A study of a local river revealed a high level of toxins, which has led to a significant decline in the fish population.
Conclusions: I. The toxins are fatal to the fish. II. The local industries are responsible for the pollution.
Answer: Only I follows
I. The statement links the high level of toxins directly to the "decline in the fish population". This implies the toxins are harmful or fatal to the fish. Follows.
II. The statement does not mention the source of the toxins. It could be industries, agriculture, or sewage. We cannot conclude it is industries. Does not follow.
Question 33:
Statement: The only way to succeed in this industry is through innovation and hard work.
Conclusions: I. If a company is innovative and hardworking, it will succeed. II. All companies that have succeeded in this industry are innovative and hardworking.
Answer: Both I and II follow
The phrase "The only way" establishes that innovation and hard work are both necessary and sufficient conditions for success.
I. This checks if the conditions are sufficient. The statement implies they are. Follows.
II. This checks if the conditions are necessary. The statement implies they are. Follows.
Question 34:
Statement: The use of social media has been linked to increased levels of anxiety and low self-esteem among teenagers.
Conclusions: I. Teenagers should be banned from using social media. II. The content on social media can negatively affect mental health.
Answer: Only II follows
I. A ban is a course of action, not a logical conclusion from a finding. The statement does not support such an extreme step. Does not follow.
II. The statement directly links social media use to negative mental health outcomes (anxiety, low self-esteem). It logically follows that something about social media is causing this effect. Follows.
Question 35:
Statement: The government has launched "Scheme Y" which provides subsidies for farmers to buy solar water pumps.
Conclusions: I. The farmers are currently facing problems with traditional water pumps. II. Solar water pumps are expensive for farmers to buy without a subsidy.
Answer: Both I and II follow
I. The government is providing an alternative (solar pumps). This implies there is a problem with the existing system (e.g., electricity costs, availability). Follows.
II. The government is providing a "subsidy". Subsidies are given to make something more affordable, which implies the original price is considered high for the target group. Follows.
Question 36:
Statement: A survey showed that more than 60% of the city's population suffers from stress-related disorders.
Conclusions: I. The city is a bad place to live. II. The lifestyle in the city is very demanding.
Answer: Only II follows
I. "Bad place to live" is a subjective judgment and an overgeneralization. The city might have other good qualities. Does not follow.
II. High levels of stress-related disorders in a population are a direct indicator of a demanding or stressful lifestyle. This is a very strong logical inference. Follows.
Question 37:
Statement: All members of the hockey team are also members of the football team. No member of the football team is a member of the chess club.
Conclusions: I. No member of the hockey team is a member of the chess club. II. Some football team members are in the hockey team.
Answer: Both I and II follow
I. This is a direct syllogistic conclusion. Hockey -> Football -> Not Chess. So, Hockey -> Not Chess. Follows.
II. Since "All" members of the hockey team are in the football team, it logically follows that "Some" members of the football team are in the hockey team. Follows.
Question 38:
Statement: The winter this year has been the coldest in the last decade, leading to a surge in the sale of woolen clothes.
Conclusions: I. Cold weather is the only reason for the increase in the sale of woolen clothes. II. The sale of woolen clothes is correlated with the severity of the winter.
Answer: Only II follows
I. The statement says the cold weather "led to a surge", indicating it's a major cause, but the word "only" makes this conclusion too restrictive. There could be other factors like fashion trends. Does not follow.
II. The statement directly links the "coldest" winter to a "surge in sales". This establishes a clear correlation. Follows.
Question 39:
Statement: The city library has seen a 30% drop in visitors since the new community park was opened next to it.
Conclusions: I. The new park is the reason for the drop in library visitors. II. The library will be closed down.
Answer: D) Neither I nor II follows
I. This presents a correlation as a definite cause. While the park is a likely reason, it's not a 100% logical conclusion. There could be other factors (e.g., a new online library service started at the same time). This is a strong possibility, but not a definite conclusion. Does not follow.
II. A drop in visitors does not automatically lead to the conclusion that the library will be closed. This is a drastic step and cannot be inferred from the given data. Does not follow.
Question 40:
Statement: "The taste of food is a matter of personal preference and not a subject for debate." - A famous chef.
Conclusions: I. Different people can have different opinions about the same food. II. It is impossible to objectively judge the quality of food.
Answer: Only I follows
I. The statement that taste is a "personal preference" directly implies that it varies from person to person. Follows.
II. "Impossible to objectively judge" is too strong. While taste is subjective, other aspects like freshness of ingredients, cooking technique, and presentation can be judged objectively. The statement is specifically about "taste". Does not follow.
Question 41:
Statement: The new metro line has reduced the average travel time between points A and B by 20 minutes.
Conclusions: I. Before the metro, there was no direct public transport between A and B. II. The metro is faster than other modes of transport between A and B.
Answer: Only II follows
I. The metro *reduced* the travel time, which implies there were other ways to travel before, they were just slower. Does not follow.
II. If the *average* travel time has been reduced, it means the metro is a faster option compared to the mix of other existing modes of transport. Follows.
Question 42:
Statement: A recent study found no link between playing video games and academic performance.
Conclusions: I. Video games are not harmful to students. II. Time spent on video games does not affect academic performance.
Answer: Only II follows
I. "Not harmful" is too broad. The study is only about "academic performance". Video games could be harmful in other ways (health, social skills, etc.). Does not follow.
II. This is a direct restatement of the study's finding that there is "no link" between the two. Follows.
Question 43:
Statement: The company's new recruitment policy gives preference to candidates who have participated in team sports.
Conclusions: I. The company believes that participation in team sports develops valuable skills for the workplace. II. All candidates who have participated in team sports will be selected.
Answer: Only I follows
I. A company gives preference to a certain quality because it believes that quality is beneficial for the job. This is a direct inference of their belief. Follows.
II. "Preference" does not mean "guaranteed selection". Other qualifications are still necessary. Does not follow.
Question 44:
Statement: Due to a major technical snag, all flights from the airport have been suspended for the next 12 hours.
Conclusions: I. No passenger will be able to depart from the airport for the next 12 hours. II. The technical snag will be fixed within 12 hours.
Answer: Only I follows
I. If "all flights" are suspended, then logically no passenger can depart via flight. Follows.
II. The suspension is *for* 12 hours. This is the duration of the disruption. It doesn't guarantee the problem will be fixed by the end of it. The suspension might be extended. This is a hope, not a conclusion. Does not follow.
Question 45: Answer: Only II follows I. "Burnout" and "heavy workload" do not necessarily mean productivity is low. In fact, it could be very high, which is causing the burnout. We cannot conclude there is a productivity problem. Does not follow.
Statement: Many employees in Company Y are suffering from burnout due to a heavy workload.
Conclusions: I. Company Y has a productivity problem. II. The work-life balance in Company Y is poor.Explanation
II. Burnout due to heavy workload is a direct indicator of poor work-life balance. This is a strong logical conclusion. Follows.
Question 46:
Statement: The success of any country depends on the quality of its education system.
Conclusions: I. A country with a poor education system cannot be successful. II. All successful countries have a high-quality education system.
Answer: Both I and II follow
The statement implies that a quality education system is a necessary condition for success.
I. This is the contrapositive. If (Success -> Quality Education), then (No Quality Education -> No Success). Follows.
II. This is a restatement of the necessary condition. If success depends on it, then all successful countries must possess it. Follows.
Question 47:
Statement: In city X, the number of road accidents has significantly decreased after the installation of traffic cameras at major intersections.
Conclusions: I. Traffic cameras have improved traffic discipline. II. The number of vehicles on the road has decreased.
Answer: Only I follows
I. The statement links the installation of cameras to a decrease in accidents. The logical link is that the cameras enforce rules, leading to better discipline and fewer accidents. Follows.
II. The statement provides no information about the number of vehicles. The accident rate could decrease even if the number of vehicles increases, due to better discipline. Does not follow.
Question 48:
Statement: The government has reduced the interest rate on housing loans to its lowest in a decade.
Conclusions: I. The government wants to encourage people to buy houses. II. The real estate sector is facing a slowdown.
Answer: Only I follows
I. Reducing the cost of borrowing (interest rate) is a direct policy measure to make buying a house more attractive and encourage people to take loans for it. Follows.
II. A slowdown in the real estate sector is a very likely *reason* for the government's action, but it is not a conclusion drawn from the action itself. It is an assumption or context, not an inference. Does not follow.
Question 49:
Statement: He who is not courageous is not a soldier. He who is a soldier is not a coward.
Conclusions: I. Cowards are not courageous. II. All soldiers are courageous.
Answer: Both I and II follow
Statement 1: Not Courageous -> Not Soldier. Contrapositive: Soldier -> Courageous.
Statement 2: Soldier -> Not Coward.
I. Cowards are not courageous. From S2, Soldier -> Not Coward. From S1, Soldier -> Courageous. This implies Not Coward and Courageous are linked through Soldier. But we cannot directly link Coward and Courageous. Wait.
Let's re-analyze. If being a soldier requires courage, then a coward (who lacks courage) cannot be a soldier. This is a logical inference. Follows.
II. "All soldiers are courageous" is the direct contrapositive of the first statement ("He who is not courageous is not a soldier"). Follows.
Question 50:
Statement: A report states that India has the largest population of young people in the world, which is a significant demographic dividend.
Conclusions: I. This large young population can be a major contributor to the country's economic growth. II. India's population will continue to grow in the future.
Answer: Only I follows
I. The term "demographic dividend" specifically means the potential for economic growth that can result from having a large working-age population. This conclusion is essentially the definition of the term used in the statement. Follows.
II. The statement is about the current age structure of the population ("has the largest population of young people"). It does not provide information to conclude about future population growth trends. Does not follow.