Statement and Assumptions is a type of verbal reasoning question that tests a candidate's ability to identify the unstated or hidden ideas behind a given statement. An assumption is something that is supposed or taken for granted before making a statement.
In competitive exams, you are given a statement followed by two or more assumptions. You must decide which of the assumptions are 'implicit' in the statement. An assumption is implicit if it directly follows from the statement, aligns with the author's intent, and is a necessary belief for the statement to be meaningful.
The best "diagrams" for this topic are logical flowcharts that illustrate the author's thought process.
These questions involve straightforward statements like advertisements, notices, and simple advice.
Question 1:
Statement: A notice on a shop reads, "25% discount on all items."
Assumptions:
I. People will be attracted to the shop because of the discount.
II. The shop owner will still make a profit after giving the discount.
Answer: C) Both I and II are implicit
Technique: Analyze the purpose of the statement. This is an advertisement.
Assumption I: The primary purpose of offering a discount is to attract customers. The owner believes people will respond positively. So, I is implicit.
Assumption II: A business operates to make a profit. It is a general assumption that a shopkeeper will not sell items at a loss unless it's a clearance sale (which isn't mentioned). Thus, the assumption that some profit will be made is implicit.
Question 2:
Statement: "Please use the foot-over bridge to cross the road." - A notice by the traffic police.
Assumptions:
I. People may not use the foot-over bridge.
II. People are capable of reading the notice and using the bridge.
Answer: C) Both I and II are implicit
Technique: Analyze the reason for the notice.
Assumption I: A notice or request is only given if the desired action is not happening automatically. The police put up the notice because they assume some people might be crossing the road directly. So, I is implicit.
Assumption II: The police put up the notice believing that people will be able to read it and are physically capable of climbing and using the bridge. If they assumed otherwise, the notice would be pointless. So, II is implicit.
Question 3:
Statement: The government has decided to increase the tax on cigarettes.
Assumptions:
I. The government will earn more revenue from this decision.
II. People will reduce smoking due to the price increase.
Answer: D) Either I or II is implicit
Technique: Consider the dual objectives of such government policies.
The government can have two main motives for increasing tax on a "sin good" like cigarettes:
1. To increase revenue (Assumption I).
2. To discourage consumption for health reasons (Assumption II).
These two assumptions are somewhat contradictory. If people drastically reduce smoking (II is very effective), revenue might not increase significantly (I becomes less effective). If people continue smoking despite the high price (II is ineffective), revenue will certainly increase (I is effective). The government hopes for at least one of these outcomes, making the situation an "Either/Or" case. The government assumes its action will be effective in at least one of these ways.
Question 4:
Statement: A coaching institute's advertisement: "Join us to get 100% success in the banking exam."
Assumptions:
I. Students want success in the banking exam.
II. This is the only institute that provides success.
Answer: A) Only I is implicit
Technique: Identify the target audience and avoid extreme assumptions.
Assumption I: The advertisement targets students who are aspiring for banking exams. It assumes that there is a demand and students desire success. This is a valid, implicit assumption.
Assumption II: The statement is an advertisement, which often involves exaggeration. However, assuming it is the "only" such institute is too extreme and not necessary for the statement to be made. Other institutes can exist. Therefore, II is not implicit.
Question 5:
Statement: The municipal corporation has advised residents to use boiled water for drinking purposes.
Assumptions:
I. There is a risk of waterborne diseases in the city.
II. Boiled water is completely safe for drinking.
Answer: C) Both I and II are implicit
Technique: Analyze the reason behind the advisory.
Assumption I: An advisory to take a precaution is only issued if there is a perceived threat or problem. The corporation must believe there's a risk of contamination. So, I is implicit.
Assumption II: The corporation is recommending boiling water as a solution. It must assume that this solution is effective and safe. If they didn't believe boiled water was safe, they wouldn't recommend it. So, II is implicit.
Question 6:
Statement: "Let us increase the security in the university campus." - The Vice Chancellor to the Registrar.
Assumptions:
I. The existing security is not sufficient.
II. Increasing security will improve the situation.
Answer: C) Both I and II are implicit
I. A call to "increase" something implies that the current level is considered inadequate. Implicit.
II. A suggestion for action is made with the belief that it will be effective and lead to an improvement. Implicit.
Question 7:
Statement: The school has decided to provide free breakfast to all students to improve attendance.
Assumptions:
I. Lack of breakfast is a reason for poor attendance.
II. All students will like the breakfast provided.
Answer: A) Only assumption I is implicit
I. The school is implementing a solution (free breakfast) to a problem (poor attendance). They must assume there is a link between the two. Implicit.
II. The assumption that "all" students will like it is too strong. The school only needs to assume that the offer is attractive enough to improve attendance, not that everyone will love the food. Not implicit.
Question 8:
Statement: The state government has decided to provide a monthly unemployment allowance to all unemployed youth.
Assumptions:
I. The government has enough funds to provide the allowance.
II. This step will eliminate unemployment.
Answer: A) Only assumption I is implicit
I. A government deciding to implement a financial scheme must assume it has the funds to do so. This is a practical and necessary assumption. Implicit.
II. The allowance is a form of support, not a job. It aims to help the unemployed, not "eliminate" unemployment itself. This is a conclusion or a hope, not a core assumption. Not implicit.
Question 9:
Statement: A's advice to B: "If you want to study Management, join IIM."
Assumptions:
I. IIM provides good Management education.
II. B will listen to A's advice.
Answer: C) Both I and II are implicit
I. One recommends something based on the belief in its quality. A must assume IIM is a good institute for Management. Implicit.
II. One gives advice with the hope and assumption that the other person will consider and possibly follow it. If A thought B would definitely not listen, the advice would be pointless. Implicit.
Question 10:
Statement: "Invest in our mutual fund for a secure future." - An advertisement.
Assumptions:
I. People want a secure future.
II. Mutual funds are the only way to secure the future.
Answer: A) Only assumption I is implicit
I. Advertisements appeal to the desires and needs of the target audience. The ad assumes people desire a secure future. Implicit.
II. The word "only" makes this assumption too extreme. The ad promotes one way to a secure future, not the sole way. Not implicit.
Question 11:
Statement: The railway authority has decided to add more coaches to the train running between City A and City B.
Assumptions:
I. The existing number of coaches is not sufficient for the number of passengers.
II. The new coaches will be available.
Answer: C) Both I and II are implicit
I. The decision to add more coaches is a solution to a problem, which must be overcrowding. Implicit.
II. An authority cannot decide to implement a solution without assuming that the resources (new coaches) are available or can be made available. Implicit.
Question 12:
Statement: "The impact of this economic policy will be seen after five years." - A minister.
Assumptions:
I. The economic policy will not be reviewed or changed for the next five years.
II. The effects of an economic policy are not instantaneous.
Answer: B) Only assumption II is implicit
I. This is too strong. The policy might be reviewed, but the main impact is still expected after five years. Not implicit.
II. The statement itself suggests a time lag. The minister must believe that the effects are gradual and take time to manifest. Implicit.
Question 13:
Statement: The company has rejected candidate X for the post of Manager, even though he has the required qualifications, as he demanded a very high salary.
Assumptions:
I. The company can find other candidates with similar qualifications at a lower salary.
II. The salary demanded by candidate X is beyond the company's budget for the post.
Answer: C) Both I and II are implicit
I. A company would not reject a qualified candidate for a high salary unless they believed they could find a suitable alternative for less. Implicit.
II. The reason for rejection is the "very high salary". This implies the demanded amount is not feasible for the company, either due to budget constraints or because it's higher than what they are willing to pay. Implicit.
Question 14:
Statement: The performance of student 'A' this year was brilliant, and he is eligible for the 'Best Student' award.
Assumptions:
I. There are other students who are not as brilliant as 'A'.
II. The performance of student 'A' was not so brilliant in the past.
Answer: A) Only assumption I is implicit
I. The concept of "Best Student" implies a comparison. To call someone the best, it's assumed there are others to compare against who performed less brilliantly. Implicit.
II. The statement only talks about "this year". It gives no information about the past. Making an assumption about the past is not valid. Not implicit.
Question 15:
Statement: Despite the traffic jam, I reached the office on time.
Assumptions:
I. Traffic jams usually cause delays.
II. I do not usually come late to the office.
Answer: A) Only assumption I is implicit
I. The word "despite" indicates that the traffic jam was an obstacle that was expected to cause a delay. The speaker is surprised or pleased to have overcome this expected delay. Implicit.
II. The statement is a specific instance and does not provide enough information to make a general assumption about the person's usual punctuality. Not implicit.
Question 16:
Statement: The principal has announced that all students must attend a special seminar on Saturday.
Assumptions:
I. Some students might not attend the seminar otherwise.
II. The seminar is for the benefit of the students.
Answer: C) Both I and II are implicit
I. Making something "must" or mandatory implies that voluntary attendance might be low. Implicit.
II. A school principal organizes such events with the belief that they will be beneficial for the students. Implicit.
Question 17:
Statement: The manager called an urgent meeting of all employees at 4 PM.
Assumptions:
I. All employees will be available at 4 PM.
II. There is an important matter to be discussed.
Answer: B) Only assumption II is implicit
I. The manager *hopes* or *expects* all employees to be available, but doesn't necessarily *assume* they will all be there (some could be on leave). This is more of a hope than a core assumption.
II. The word "urgent" directly implies that the manager believes the matter is important and requires immediate attention. Implicit.
Question 18:
Statement: The organization has decided to launch a new product X, even though product Y is already doing well in the market.
Assumptions:
I. There is a demand for another product like X in the market.
II. The organization is capable of launching and marketing product X.
Answer: C) Both I and II are implicit
I. A company launches a new product with the assumption that there is a market for it. Implicit.
II. A decision to launch a product is based on the assumption that the company has the financial and operational capability to do so. Implicit.
Question 19:
Statement: A warning in a train compartment: "To stop the train, pull the chain. Penalty for improper use: ₹500."
Assumptions:
I. Some people may use the chain improperly.
II. The penalty will deter people from improper use.
Answer: C) Both I and II are implicit
I. A warning about a penalty is given because there is a possibility of misuse. Implicit.
II. The purpose of a penalty is to act as a deterrent. The authorities assume that the fear of the penalty will prevent misuse. Implicit.
Question 20:
Statement: The city's transport corporation has introduced new air-conditioned buses on major routes.
Assumptions:
I. People will prefer to travel by these new buses.
II. The existing buses are not sufficient for the city's needs.
Answer: A) Only assumption I is implicit
I. A new service is introduced with the assumption that there will be demand for it and people will use it. Implicit.
II. The statement says the new buses are "air-conditioned". This suggests an upgrade in quality, not necessarily quantity. The reason could be to provide better service, not just to handle more people. So, this assumption is not necessarily implicit.
Question 21:
Statement: "Our new car model is the safest in its class, with 7 airbags and an advanced braking system." - An automobile company's advertisement.
Assumptions:
I. Safety is a major concern for car buyers in this class.
II. Other cars in the same class do not have these safety features.
Answer: A) Only assumption I is implicit
I. An advertisement highlights features that it believes customers value. By focusing on safety, the company assumes that safety is an important factor for its target audience. Implicit.
II. The ad claims their car is the "safest", which implies it is better than others. However, it doesn't assume other cars have *no* safety features, just that theirs are superior. The assumption is about being better, not about others being featureless. So, this specific assumption is not implicit.
Question 22:
Statement: The weather department has issued a high-alert for a cyclone in the coastal areas.
Assumptions:
I. The cyclone will definitely hit the coastal areas.
II. The alert will help people take necessary precautions.
Answer: B) Only assumption II is implicit
I. A forecast or an alert is based on probability, not certainty. The word "definitely" makes this assumption invalid. The department issues an alert based on a high risk, not a guarantee. Not implicit.
II. The purpose of issuing an alert is to enable people and authorities to prepare and take safety measures. The department assumes their alert will be heeded and will be helpful. Implicit.
Question 23:
Statement: The local civic body has decided to impose a heavy fine on anyone found littering in the park.
Assumptions:
I. The park is currently facing a problem with littering.
II. The fine will be heavy enough to discourage people from littering.
Answer: C) Both I and II are implicit
I. A new rule or penalty is introduced to address an existing problem. The decision implies that littering is a problem. Implicit.
II. The civic body is imposing a "heavy" fine specifically with the belief that the severity of the penalty will act as a strong deterrent. Implicit.
Question 24:
Statement: The country's Prime Minister has appealed to the citizens to maintain peace and harmony.
Assumptions:
I. There have been some recent incidents of disturbance.
II. People will respond positively to the Prime Minister's appeal.
Answer: C) Both I and II are implicit
I. An appeal for peace is generally made in a context where peace has been or is being threatened. It implies a situation that requires such an appeal. Implicit.
II. An appeal is made with the assumption that people will listen and act upon it. Otherwise, the appeal would be a futile exercise. Implicit.
Question 25:
Statement: "We must switch to renewable energy sources to combat climate change." - An environmentalist.
Assumptions:
I. The current energy sources are contributing to climate change.
II. Renewable energy sources do not contribute to climate change.
Answer: C) Both I and II are implicit
I. The statement suggests a solution ("switch to renewable energy") for a problem ("combat climate change"). This is based on the underlying belief that the current situation (using non-renewable energy) is the cause. Implicit.
II. The proposed solution (renewable energy) is presented as a way to "combat" climate change, which assumes that this alternative is better and does not have the same negative effect. Implicit.
Question 26:
Statement: Even though the number of sugar factories is increasing, India is still importing sugar.
Assumptions:
I. The consumption of sugar in India is increasing.
II. Many of the new factories are not able to produce sugar to their full capacity.
Answer: D) Either I or II is implicit
The statement presents a paradox: increased production capacity (more factories) but still a need for imports. There must be a reason why domestic supply is not meeting demand.
I. If consumption is increasing at a faster rate than production, imports would still be needed. This is a valid possible reason.
II. If the new factories are underperforming, then the increase in production is not enough to meet demand. This is also a valid possible reason.
Either one of these assumptions (or both) could explain the situation described in the statement. The statement is logical if at least one of these is true.
Question 27 to 50: The following 24 questions are unique, standalone problems covering the full range of difficulty, including complex arguments, reports, and nuanced statements.
Question 27:
Statement: The new education policy focuses more on skill-based learning rather than rote memorization.
Assumptions:
I. The previous policy emphasized rote memorization.
II. Skill-based learning is better for students' future.
Answer: Both I and II are implicit
I: The shift "rather than" implies a comparison to and a move away from the old method. Implicit.
II: A policy change is implemented with the belief that the new system is an improvement over the old one. Implicit.
Question 28:
Statement: The Reserve Bank of India has directed all banks to lower their interest rates on loans.
Assumptions:
I. Lower interest rates will encourage more people to take loans.
II. The banks will be able to maintain their profitability even with lower interest rates.
Answer: Both I and II are implicit
I: The primary economic goal of lowering interest rates is to stimulate borrowing and spending. Implicit.
II: The RBI, as a regulator, would not issue a directive that it assumes would make the entire banking system unviable. It assumes banks can manage the change. Implicit.
Question 29:
Statement: "Never before has our country seen such a rapid pace of infrastructure development." - A political leader's speech.
Assumptions:
I. There was no infrastructure development in the past.
II. People are concerned about the pace of infrastructure development.
Answer: Only assumption II is implicit
I: "Never before... such a rapid pace" compares the speed, it does not mean there was zero development before. The word "no" makes this invalid. Not implicit.
II: A political leader highlights such achievements in a speech assuming that it is a topic of public interest and will be seen positively by the citizens. Implicit.
Question 30:
Statement: The company has decided to scrap its performance-based bonus system and introduce a fixed annual bonus for all employees.
Assumptions:
I. The performance-based bonus system may have been causing dissatisfaction among some employees.
II. A fixed bonus will be seen as more equitable by the employees.
Answer: Both I and II are implicit
I: A company changes a policy usually to address a problem with the current one. Dissatisfaction is a likely problem. Implicit.
II: The move towards a uniform system suggests the company believes this new approach will be perceived as fairer or will improve overall morale. Implicit.
Question 31:
Statement: As the prices of petrol and diesel are rising, the demand for electric vehicles is expected to increase.
Assumptions:
I. Electric vehicles are a viable alternative to petrol and diesel vehicles.
II. The running cost of electric vehicles is perceived to be lower than petrol/diesel vehicles.
Answer: Both I and II are implicit
I: For demand to shift, consumers must see the alternative as a practical and usable option. Implicit.
II: The trigger for the shift is rising fuel prices. This implies the author assumes that electric vehicles are seen as a way to save money on running costs. Implicit.
Question 32:
Statement: The film was a huge success as the box office collections were unprecedented.
Assumptions:
I. Box office collections are a reliable measure of a film's success.
II. The film's story was very good.
Answer: Only assumption I is implicit
I: The statement uses "box office collections" as the proof for the film being a "huge success". This means the speaker believes box office numbers are a valid way to measure success. Implicit.
II: High box office collections can be due to many factors (marketing, stars, music), not just a good story. We cannot assume the story was good; it's a possible reason but not a necessary assumption. Not implicit.
Question 33:
Statement: The ethics committee has been formed to look into the issue of malpractice in the examinations.
Assumptions:
I. The ethics committee is composed of honest and competent people.
II. The findings of the committee will be implemented.
Answer: Both I and II are implicit
I: An authority forms a committee to investigate an issue with the underlying assumption that the committee members are capable and trustworthy to handle the task. Implicit.
II: A committee is formed with the intention of acting upon its recommendations. It is assumed that its work will not be a futile exercise. Implicit.
Question 34:
Statement: To improve the employment situation, the government must encourage the growth of the manufacturing sector.
Assumptions:
I. The manufacturing sector has the potential to create a large number of jobs.
II. Other sectors do not have the potential for job creation.
Answer: Only assumption I is implicit
I: The statement suggests manufacturing as a solution for employment. This is based on the belief that this sector can indeed create many jobs. Implicit.
II: The statement focuses on the manufacturing sector but does not rule out other sectors. The word "other" and the negative framing make this assumption too extreme. Not implicit.
Question 35:
Statement: "Beware of dogs" - a sign on a gate.
Assumptions:
I. There is at least one dog inside the premises.
II. The dogs inside are likely to be aggressive towards strangers.
Answer: Both I and II are implicit
I: The sign is a warning about dogs, which presupposes their existence. Implicit.
II: The word "Beware" is a warning of danger. This implies the dogs are not just present, but potentially harmful or aggressive, warranting caution. Implicit.
Question 36:
Statement: In case of any difficulty with the new software, please contact our helpdesk.
Assumptions:
I. It is possible for users to face difficulties with the new software.
II. The helpdesk is capable of solving the difficulties faced by the users.
Answer: Both I and II are implicit
I: The company is providing a support option because they anticipate that some users might face problems. Implicit.
II: A helpdesk is set up with the assumption that its staff has the knowledge and ability to resolve user issues. Implicit.
Question 37:
Statement: The chairman of the company decided to hold the annual general meeting in City X, which is a very well-connected city.
Assumptions:
I. Most of the shareholders of the company reside in City X.
II. The chairman wants to ensure that a maximum number of shareholders can attend the meeting.
Answer: Only assumption II is implicit
I: "Well-connected" implies ease of travel for people coming from *various* places, not that most people are already there. This is not a necessary assumption. Not implicit.
II: The reason for choosing a "well-connected" city is to make it convenient for people to travel. This convenience is aimed at encouraging attendance. Implicit.
Question 38:
Statement: Use of cell phones is strictly prohibited in the examination hall.
Assumptions:
I. All students have cell phones.
II. Cell phones can be used for cheating in the examination.
Answer: Only assumption II is implicit
I: The rule is for those who might have a phone. It doesn't assume that "all" students have one. The word "all" makes it invalid. Not implicit.
II: The reason for prohibiting an item in an exam hall is the belief that it can be used for unfair means. This is the underlying reason for the rule. Implicit.
Question 39:
Statement: If you are a first-class graduate, your application for the job will be considered.
Assumptions:
I. Only first-class graduates will be considered for the job.
II. Some of the applicants may be first-class graduates.
Answer: Only assumption II is implicit
I: The statement says that being a first-class graduate is a sufficient condition for consideration, but it doesn't say it's a necessary one. Others might be considered too. The word "only" makes it invalid. Not implicit.
II: The company is setting a criterion with the expectation that there will be candidates who meet it. The announcement is made assuming there are first-class graduates who might apply. Implicit.
Question 40:
Statement: A new research suggests that eating dark chocolate every day is good for heart health.
Assumptions:
I. People want to have good heart health.
II. People will start eating dark chocolate every day after reading this research.
Answer: Only assumption I is implicit
I: Health-related research and advice are published with the assumption that people are interested in and desire good health. Implicit.
II: This is a possible consequence or conclusion, not a foundational assumption. The research is presented as information; it doesn't assume universal and immediate adoption. Not implicit.
Question 41:
Statement: The court has ordered the government to immediately provide clean drinking water to all affected residents of Colony Y.
Assumptions:
I. The residents of Colony Y do not have access to clean drinking water.
II. The government has the means to provide clean drinking water.
Answer: Both I and II are implicit
I: The court order addresses a specific problem, which is the lack of clean water. Implicit.
II: A court issues an order with the assumption that the body being ordered (the government) has the capability and resources to comply. Implicit.
Question 42:
Statement: Despite being a brilliant scientist, Dr. Sen is not recognized by his organization.
Assumptions:
I. Being a brilliant scientist is generally a criterion for recognition.
II. His organization does not recognize any brilliant scientists.
Answer: Only assumption I is implicit
I: The word "despite" creates a contrast. It implies that being a brilliant scientist *should* lead to recognition, but in this case, it didn't. This means the speaker assumes a general link between brilliance and recognition. Implicit.
II: The statement is specific to Dr. Sen. We cannot generalize this to conclude that the organization recognizes *no one*. Not implicit.
Question 43:
Statement: "To get a good job, you must have a postgraduate degree." - A career counselor.
Assumptions:
I. All good jobs require a postgraduate degree.
II. A postgraduate degree guarantees a good job.
Answer: D) Neither I nor II is implicit
I: The statement presents a sufficient condition ("if you have PG, you can get a good job"), but not a necessary one ("only if you have PG..."). "All" makes this too strong. Not implicit.
II: The statement says the degree is a requirement, a necessary step, but it doesn't "guarantee" the outcome. Other factors (interviews, skills) are also involved. Not implicit.
Question 44:
Statement: The company has launched a new "organic" line of products, which are priced higher than its regular products.
Assumptions:
I. There is a segment of customers willing to pay a premium for organic products.
II. The cost of producing organic products is higher than regular products.
Answer: Both I and II are implicit
I: Launching a premium product line assumes there is a market for it. Implicit.
II: A higher price for a product is usually justified by a higher cost of production or higher perceived value. It is a reasonable business assumption that the cost is a factor in the pricing. Implicit.
Question 45:
Statement: Many people were seen standing in the queue to buy the new smartphone on its first day of launch.
Assumptions:
I. The new smartphone is very good in quality and features.
II. The people standing in the queue will be able to buy the smartphone.
Answer: Only assumption II is implicit
I: The long queue could be due to hype, marketing, or low supply, not necessarily because the phone is objectively "very good". This is a possible conclusion, not a hidden assumption. Not implicit.
II: People stand in a queue with the belief and assumption that they will eventually get the product they are waiting for. If they assumed the stock would run out before their turn, they wouldn't wait. Implicit.
Question 46:
Statement: A's father to A: "If you get more than 90% in your final exams, I will buy you a new laptop."
Assumptions:
I. A is capable of scoring more than 90%.
II. A wants a new laptop.
Answer: Both I and II are implicit
I: A father would not set a condition for his child that he believes is completely impossible to achieve. He assumes it is a challenging but achievable goal. Implicit.
II: The laptop is offered as an incentive. An incentive only works if the recipient desires it. The father assumes A wants a laptop. Implicit.
Question 47:
Statement: The city police have put up large boards at several locations stating "Do not drink and drive, it can be fatal."
Assumptions:
I. People can read the boards.
II. People will ignore the warning and continue to drink and drive.
Answer: Only assumption I is implicit
I: The police put up boards with the basic assumption that people can read them and understand the message. Implicit.
II: This is the opposite of the intended effect. The police assume their warning will have a positive impact and deter people, not that it will be ignored. Not implicit.
Question 48:
Statement: The management has decided to conduct a surprise fire safety drill next week.
Assumptions:
I. The employees will not be informed about the exact date of the drill.
II. The current fire safety preparedness of the employees needs to be tested.
Answer: Both I and II are implicit
I: The word "surprise" itself means that the specific timing is not disclosed. This is part of the statement's definition. Implicit.
II: A drill is conducted to test and improve preparedness. The decision to hold one is based on the assumption that such a test is necessary. Implicit.
Question 49:
Statement: To get promoted to the next grade, all students must pass the final examination.
Assumptions:
I. It is possible for some students to fail the final examination.
II. Promotion to the next grade is desirable for all students.
Answer: Both I and II are implicit
I: Stating a condition for passing ("must pass") implies that there is a possibility of not meeting the condition (failing). If failure were impossible, the rule would be meaningless. Implicit.
II: The entire system of promotion and examination is based on the assumption that students desire to advance to the next grade. Implicit.
Question 50:
Statement: The company decided to terminate the services of Mr. X because his performance was consistently poor despite several warnings.
Assumptions:
I. Consistent poor performance is a sufficient reason for termination in this company.
II. Mr. X was given an opportunity to improve his performance.
Answer: Both I and II are implicit
I: The company took the action of termination *because* of poor performance. This shows they believe it is a valid and justifiable reason according to their policies. Implicit.
II: The phrase "despite several warnings" explicitly indicates that opportunities were given for improvement before the final action was taken. This is a direct assumption supporting the fairness of the decision. Implicit.